Another factor that may contribute to the emergence of camel diseases is the migration into new habitat that never was reached before by camels (Faye and Vias 2010).Ĭamelpox is the only camel disease included in the OIE’s list of reportable diseases. 1997), and Rhodococcus equi infection (Kinne et al. Examples of newly emerged diseases of camels resulting from sharing premises with equines are glanders (Wernery et al. Changes in animal husbandry related to increasing camel contacts with other animal species, such as equids, may cause disease emergence. A similar situation could be envisaged for an increased incidence of enterotoxemia in camels when raised in an intensive husbandry system as in the UAE (Wernery and Kaaden 2002) or Syria (Khalafalla AI 2015, personnel communication). Brucellosis, enterotoxemia, and Johne’s disease are examples of these diseases. This development may be responsible for making camels more susceptible to certain disease. Due to an increased demand of urban populations of many countries, particularly in North Africa and the Middle East for camel milk, many dairy farms are established in intensive and semi-intensive systems. Drought in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa has also brought pastoralists closer to urban centers, and sales of camel milk became their main source of cash income. The situation in Niger, Chad, and Sudan is an example where diseases like contagious ecthyma, trypanosomosis, and tick paralysis have become very serious with increased mortality rates due to the migration of camels south of their well-known camel belt. This change resulted in exposure of camels to diseases that were uncommon in their natural habitat such as dermatophilosis, tick paralysis, trypanosomosis, and brucellosis.

Due to aridity and desertification, they obliged to move to the higher rainfall areas side by side with other domestic livestock and wildlife. Dromedary camel in sub-Saharan Africa was traditionally known to be reared in the arid and semiarid lands. In the past, camels were used mainly for transportation beside their role as the main source of milk and meat for pastoralists.

bactrianus) and 50 % in New World camelids/South American camelids (NWC/SAC, i.e., the domestic alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) and llama ( Lama glama)) are caused by infectious diseases (Wernery and Kaaden 2002). It is estimated that 65 % of fatalities in Old World camels (OWC, i.e., Camelus dromedarius and C. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.Parasitic emerging infections in NWCs include the small liver fluke ( Dicrocoelium dendriticum) and meningeal worm ( Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Emerging diseases of NWC include infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bluetongue (BT), and coronavirus. Brucellosis, Johne’s disease (JD), and dermatophilosis are the emerging bacterial diseases in OWC.

The most notable emerging viral infections in OWC include camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. In this chapter, the most important emerging diseases of camelids are described and discussed. Factors that contribute to disease emergence in camelids involve climate change and increased demand for camel products resulting in the intensification of production and expanding camel contacts with other animal species and humans. bactrianus) and 50 % in New World camelids/South American camelids (NWC/SAC, i.e., the domestic alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) and llama ( Lama glama)) are caused by infectious diseases. Growing interest in camelids presents a unique challenge to scientists and veterinarians engaged in diagnosing infectious diseases of this species.

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